Gendered Language of War :: Free Essays Online

Gendered Language of War The ways in which we have come to understand, explain and react to the attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 are coded by our linguistic system and the meanings it constructs. Words mediate between internal, cognitive responses to war and external, behavioral responses (Beer 9). These words, and the complex system of meaning and power that they constitute, are gendered: "in this symbolic system, human characteristics are dichotomized, divided into polar opposites that are supposedly mutually exclusive†¦[and associated] with a gender" (Cohn 229). In this paper, I will explore how this gendered and dichotomized discourse has unfolded in the dominant discourse of war, shaping and limiting our response to the September 11th attacks both militarily and on the homefront. In this process I will seek to answer several questions: How has the gendered discourse of war been understood historically? What is different about the present conflict and what is being revisited? What are we as a nation saying and not saying in our response to the events on September 11th? How is gender constructed in ideas about war? How are men's and women's experiences of and feelings about war articulated through language? What are women's roles purported to be during wartime? From Vietnam to Desert Storm: Remything American Military Prowess The United States' involvement in the war in Vietnam fundamentally changed our national, historical and political understanding of war. The women's movement and the peace marches that accompanied it left an indelible mark; the "loss" in Vietnam emasculated the American consciousness, and the former mobilizations bore the brunt of the blame. 1980s Cold War politics attempted to reinstate American masculinity and nationalism by combating communism. The U.S. military and national security rhetoric of the eighties "depended on segregating the residual anti-war discourse along often unconscious but deeply culturated associations of gender" (Boose 70). The pacifist, antiviolence ethos of "bleeding heart liberals" and Congressional "doves" that had "lost us the war" was identified with the "feminine." Anti-war consciousness was demonized and Vietnam was reconceived: "the problem was no longer the excessive deployment of militarized values but the failure to deploy them strongly enough" (Boo se 72). George H. W. Bush attempted to see that this would not happen again through the escalation of Desert Storm. Once George H.W. Bush had set a deadline for military action against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait, discussions about the potential conflict shifted from whether the U.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 13

Rashel knew she had to stop the guard before he could make a sound. The vampires' mansion was on the farther cliffs, overlooking open sea rather than the harbor, and the music ought to help drown outside noises-but the greatest danger was still that they would be heard before the girls could get away. She launched herself at the werewolf, throwing a front snap kick to his chest. She could hear the air whoosh out as he fell backward. Good. No breath for howling. She landed with both knees on top of him. â€Å"This is silver,† she hissed, pressing the blade against his throat. â€Å"Don't make a noise or I'll use it.† He glared at her. He had shaggy hair and eyes that were already half-animal. â€Å"Is there anybody on the boats?† When he didn't answer, she pressed the silver knife harder. â€Å"Is there?† He snarled a breathless â€Å"No.† His teeth were turning, too, spiking and lengthening. â€Å"Don't change-† Rashel began, but at that moment he decided to throw her off. He heaved once, violently. A snap of her wrist would have plunged the silver blade into his throat even as she fell. Instead Rashel rolled backward in a somersault, tucking in her head and ending up on her right knee. Then, as the werewolf jumped at her, she slammed the sheathed knife upward against his jaw. He fell back unconscious. Too bad, I wanted to ask him about the client. Rashel looked shoreward, to see that Daphne, Annelise, and Nyala were on the pier with her. They were each holding a rock or a piece of wood broken from the jagged pilings of the wharf. They were going to help me, Rashel thought. She felt oddly warmed by it. â€Å"Okay,† she said rapidly. â€Å"Annelise and Keiko, with me. Everybody else, stay. Daphne, keep watch.† In a matter of minutes she and the boating girls had checked the boats and found two with features they thought they could handle†¦ and with fuel. Anne-lise had removed a couple of crucial engine pieces out of the others. â€Å"Took out the impellers and the solenoids,† she told Rashel mysteriously, holding out a grimy hand. â€Å"Good. Let's set them adrift. Everybody else, get yourself on a boat. Find a place to sit fast and sit down.† Rashel moved to the back of the group where Fayth had her arms around a couple of the girls who looked scared of setting out on the dark ocean. â€Å"Come on, people.† She meant to herd them in front of her like chickens. That was when it happened. Rashel had an instant's warning-the faint crunch of sand on rock behind her. And then something hit her with incredible force in the middle of the back. It knocked her down and sent her knife flying. Worse, it sent her mind reeling in shock. She hadn't been prepared. That instant's warning hadn't been enough-because she had already lost zanshin. She no longer had the gift of continuing mind. She had lost her single purpose. In the old days she'd been fixed on one thing-to kill the Night People. There had been no hesitation, no confusion. But now†¦ she'd already faltered twice tonight, knocking the werewolves unconscious instead of killing them. She was confused, uncertain. And, as a result, unprepared. And now I'm dead, she thought. Her numbed mind was desperately trying to recover and come up with a strategy. But there was a wild snarling in her ear and a trail of hot pain down her back. Animal claws. There was a wolf on top of her. Rudi had gotten loose. Rashel gathered herself and bucked to throw the wolf off. He slipped and she tried to roll out from under him, arms up to keep her throat protected. The werewolf was too heavy-and too angry. He scrambled over her rolling body like a lumberjack on a log. His snarling muzzle kept darting for her throat in quick lunges. Rashel could see his bushy coat standing on end. She felt fire across her ribs-his claws had torn through her shirt. She ignored it. Her one thought was to keep him away from her throat. Keeping an elbow up, she reached for the knife with her other hand. No good. She hadn't rolled far enough. Her fingertips just missed the hilt. And Rudi the wolf was right in her face. All she could see were sharp wet teeth, black gums, and blazing yellow eyes. Her face was misted with hot canine breath. Every snap of those jaws made a hollow glunk. Rashel only had one option left-to block each lunge as it came. But she couldn't keep that up forever. She was already tiring. It's over, she thought. The girls who might have helped her-Daphne and Nyala and Annelise were at the far end of the wharf or on the boats. The other girls were undoubtedly too scared even to try. Rashel was alone, and she was going to die very soon. My own stupid fault, she thought dimly. Her arms were shaking and bloodied. She was getting weaker fast. And the wolf knew. Even as she thought it, she missed a block. Her arm slipped sideways. Her throat was exposed. In slow motion she saw the jaws of the wolf opening wide, driving toward her. She saw the triumph in those yellow eyes. She knew, with a curious sense of resignation, that the next thing she would feel was teeth ripping through her flesh. The oldest way to die in the world. I'm sorry, Daphne, she thought. I'm sorry, Nyala. Please go and be safe. And then everything seemed to freeze. The wolf stopped in midlunge, head jerking backward. Its eyes were wide and fixed. Its jaws were open but not moving. It looked as if it might howl. But it didn't. It collapsed in a hot quivering heap on top of Rashel, legs stiff. Rashel scrambled out from under it automatically. And saw her knife sticking out of the base of its skull. Quinn was standing above it. â€Å"Are you all right?† He was breathing quickly, but he looked calm. Moonlight shone on his black hair. The entire world was huge and quivering and oddly bright. Rashel still felt as if she were moving in slow motion. She stared at Quinn, then looked toward the wharf. Girls were scattered all over, as if frozen in the middle of running in different directions. Some were on the decks of the two remaining boats. Some were heading toward her. Daphne and Nyala were only fifteen feet away, but they were both staring at Quinn and seemed riveted in place. Nyala's expression was one of horror, hate-and recognition. Waves hissed softly against the dock. Think. Now think, girl, Rashel told herself. She was in a state of the strangest and most expanded consciousness she'd ever felt. Her hands were icy cold and she seemed to be floating-but her mind was clear. Everything depended on how she handled the next few minutes. â€Å"Why did you do that?† she asked Quinn softly. At the same time she shot Daphne the fastest and the most intense look of her life. It meant Go now. She willed Daphne to understand. â€Å"You just lost a guard,† she went on, getting up slowly. Keep his eyes on you. Keep moving. Make him talk. â€Å"Not a very good one,† Quinn said, looking with fastidious disgust at the heap of fur. Go, Daphne, run, Rashel thought. She knew the girls still had a chance. There were no other vampires coming down the path. That meant that Rudi had either been too angry to give a general alarm or too scared. That was one good thing about werewolves-they acted on impulse. Quinn was the danger now. â€Å"Why not a good one?† she asked. â€Å"Because he damaged the merchandise?† She lifted her torn shirt away from her ribs. Quinn threw back his head and laughed. Something jerked in Rashel's chest, but she used the moment to change her position. She was right by the wolf now, with her left hand at the exact level of the knife. â€Å"That's right,† Quinn said. A wild and bitter smile still played around his lips. â€Å"He was presumptuous. You almost surrendered to the wrong darkness there, Shelly. By the way, where'd you get a silver knife?† He doesn't know who I am, Rashel thought. She felt both relief and a strange underlying grief. He still thought she was some girl from the club- maybe a vampire hunter, but not the vampire hunter. The one he'd admitted was good. So he's unprepared. He's off his guard. If I can kill him with one stroke, before he calls to the other vampires, the girls may get away. She glanced at the wharf again, deliberately, hoping to draw his gaze. But he didn't look behind him, and Daphne and the other stupid girls weren't leaving. Refusing to go without her. Idiots! Now or never, Rashel thought. â€Å"Well, anyway,† she said, â€Å"I think you saved my life. Thank you.† Keeping her eyes down, she held out her hand. her right hand. Quinn looked surprised, then reached out automatically. With one smooth motion, like a snake uncoiling, Rashel attacked. Her right hand drove past his hand and clamped on his wrist. Her left hand plunged down to grab the knife. Her fingers closed on the hilt and pulled- and the sheath with its attached silver blade stayed in the werewolf's neck. Just as she'd planned. The knife itself came free, the real knife, the one made of wood. And then Quinn tried to throw her and her body responded automatically. She was moving without conscious direction, anticipating his attacks and blocking them even as he started to make them. It transformed the fight into a dance. Faster than thought, graceful as a lioness, she countered every move he made. Zanshin to the max. She ended up straddling him with her knife at his throat. Now. Fast. End it. She didn't move. You have to, she told herself. Quick, before he calls the others. Before he knocks you out telepathically. He can do it, you know that. Then why isn't he trying? Quinn lay still, with the point of the wooden knife in the hollow of his throat, just where his dark collar parted. His throat was pale in the moonlight and his hair was black against the sand. Footsteps sounded behind Rashel. She heard rapid light breathing. â€Å"Daphne, take the boats and go now. Leave me here. Do you understand?† Rashel spoke every word distinctly. â€Å"But Rashel-â€Å" â€Å"Do it now!† Rashel put a force she hadn't known she had behind the words. She heard the quick intake of Daphne's breath, then footsteps scampering off. All the while, she hadn't taken her eyes off Quinn. Like everything else, the green-black blade of her knife was touched with moonlight. It seemed to shimmer almost liquidly. Lignum vitae, the Wood of Life. It would be death for him. One thrust would put it through his throat. The next would stop his heart. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Rashel whispered. She was. She was truly sorry that this had to be done. But there was no way out. It was for Nyala, for all the girls he'd kidnapped and hunted and lured. It was to keep girls like them safe for the future. â€Å"You're a hunter,† Rashel said softly, trying for steadiness. â€Å"So am I. We both understand. This is the way it goes. It's kill or be killed. It all comes down to that in the end.† She paused to breathe. â€Å"Do you understand?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"If I don't stop you, you'll be a danger forever. And I can't let that happen. I can't let you hurt anyone else.† She was aware that she was shaking her head slightly in her attempt to explain to him. Her lungs ached and there were tears in her eyes. â€Å"I can't.† Quinn didn't speak. His eyes were black and bottomless. His hair was slightly mussed on his forehead, but he didn't show any other sign of just having been in a fight. He's not going to struggle, Rashel realized. Then make it quick and merciful. No need for him to feel the pain of wood through his throat. She switched her grip on the knife, raising it over his chest. Holding it with both hands, poised above his heart. One swift downward stroke and it would be over. For the first time since she had killed a Night Person, she didn't say what she always said. She wasn't the Cat right now; this wasn't revenge for her. It was necessity. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she whispered, and shut her eyes. He whispered, â€Å"This kitten has claws.† Rashel's muscles locked. Her eyes opened. â€Å"Go on,† Quinn said. â€Å"Do it. You should have done it the first time.† His gaze was as steady as Fayth's. She could see moonlight in his eyes. He didn't look wild, or bitter, or mocking. He only looked serious and a little tired. â€Å"I should have realized it before-that you were the one in the cellar. I knew there was something about you. I just couldn't figure out what. At least now I've seen your face.† Rashel's arms wouldn't come down. What was wrong with her? Her resolve was draining away. Her whole body was weak. She felt herself begin to tremble, and realized to her horror she couldn't stop it. â€Å"Everything you said was true,† he said. â€Å"This is how it has to end.† â€Å"Yes.† Something had swollen in Rashel's throat and it hurt. â€Å"The only other possibility is that I kill you. Better this way than that.† He looked exhausted suddenly-or sick. He turned his head and shut his eyes. â€Å"Yes,† Rashel said numbly. He believed that? â€Å"Besides, now that I have seen your face, I can't stand the sight of myself in your eyes. I know what you think of me.† Rashel's arms dropped. But limply. The blade pointed upward, between her own wrists. She sat there with her knuckles on his chest and stared at a scraggly wild raspberry bush growing out of the cliff. She had failed Nyala, and Nyala's sister, and countless other people. Other humans. When it really counted, she was letting them all down. â€Å"I can't kill you,† she whispered. â€Å"God help me, I can't.† He shook his head once, eyes still shut. She was open to attack, but he didn't do anything. Then he looked at her. â€Å"I told you before. You're an idiot.† Rashel hit him under the jaw the way she'd hit the guard. The hilt of her dagger caught him squarely. He didn't move to avoid the blow. It knocked him out cold. Rashel wiped her cheeks and got up, looking around for something to tie him with. Her whole life was torn to pieces, falling around her. She didn't understand anything. All she could do was try to finish what she'd come here for. Action, that was what she needed. Thought could wait. It would have to wait. Then she glanced at the wharf. She couldn't believe it. It seemed as if at least a week had passed since she yelled at Daphne, and they were all still here. The boats were here, the girls were here, and Daphne was running toward her. Rashel strode to meet her. She grabbed Daphne by the shoulders and shook hard. â€Å"Get-out-of-here! Do you understand? What do I have to do, throw you in the water?† Daphne's eyes were huge and blue. Her blond hair flew like thistledown with the shaking. When Rashel stopped, she gasped, â€Å"But you can come with us now!† â€Å"No, I can't! I still have things to do.† â€Å"Like what?† Then Daphne's eyes darted to the cliff. She stared at Rashel. â€Å"You're going after them? You're crazy!† Looking frightened, she grabbed Rashel's hands on her shoulders. â€Å"Rashel, there are supposed to be eight of them, right? Plus Lily and Ivan and who knows what else! You really think you can kill them all? What, are they all just going to line up?† â€Å"No. I don't know. But I don't need to kill them all. If I can get the guy who set this up, the client, it will be worth it.† Daphne was shaking her head, in tears. â€Å"It won't be worth it! Not if they kill you-which they will. You're already hurt-â€Å" â€Å"It'll be worth it if I can stop him from doing this again,† Rashel said quietly. She couldn't yell anymore. She didn't have the strength. Her voice was quenched, but she held Daphne's eyes. â€Å"Now get somebody to throw me some rope or something to tie these guys with. And then leave. No, give me five minutes to get to the top of the cliff. Six minutes. That way maybe I can surprise them before they realize you're gone.† Daphne was crying steadily now. Before she could say anything, Rashel went on. â€Å"Daphne, any minute now they could realize that. Someone's bound to check the cellar before midnight. Every second we stand here could make the difference. Please, please, don't fight me anymore.† Daphne opened her mouth, then shut it. Her eyes were desolate. â€Å"Please try to take care of yourself,† she whispered. She let go of Rashel's shoulders and hugged her hard. â€Å"We all know you're doing it for us. I'm proud to be your friend.† Then she turned and ran, herding the others ^^ toward the boats. A moment later she threw Rashel two pieces of line. Rashel tied up Quinn first, then the werewolf. â€Å"Six minutes,† she said to Daphne. Daphne nodded, trying not to cry. Rashel wouldn't say goodbye. She hated that. Even though she knew perfectly well that she was never going to see Daphne again. Without looking back, she loped up the hiking trail.

J. K. Rowling - Biography of Harry Potter Author

The Issue of Palestinian Refugees Right of Return

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Marketing Effectiveness Of Quality Of The Brands And The...

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Locke Founder of British Empiricist Free Essays

John Locke had a number of major influences on society in general, but his influences on education have stood the taste of time. His idea of Tabula Rasa, his introduction of empiricism, and idea of the use of all senses are all objectives that are used in schools today. The idea of Tabula Rasa is basically defined as a â€Å"blank slate. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke: Founder of British Empiricist or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Locke believed that everyone is born with a clean mind, a supposed condition that he attributed to the human mind before ideas have been imprinted on it by the reaction of the senses to the exterior world. â€Å"Thus the first capacity of human intellect is that the mind is fitted to receive the impressions made on it; either through the senses by outward objects; or by its own operations when it reflects on them. This is the first step a man makes towards the discovery of anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -John Locke (On Ideas as the Materials of All Our Knowledge) Locke considers the new mind as white paper or wax. It is to be moulded and formed as one pleases. It is up to the teacher to insure that it is formed the correct way and that there is no inate knowledge. This is incorporated into education the grade system. Children start out in kindergarten or pre-school with a blank slate; we start teaching the very basics as if they know nothing. The more information and experience they gather, the further they move along the grade continuum. Locke was considered the founder of British empiricist. He believed that all knowledge comes to us through experience. â€Å"No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.† Basically, all knowledge has its origin and end in experience, or perception using the senses. He says, â€Å"Experience is twofold, sensation and reflection. From both sources we obtain ideas.† Sensation is the perception of external phenomena and reflection is the perception of the operations of the mind itself. This view of empirical thinking is widely used in schools today, especially in the science fields. Concepts and skills are much easier to learn if you can experience them. The empirical way of teaching has brought about the use of the scientific method. First, students must observe a situation and decide if there is a problem. Secondly, make an educated guess, or hypothesis, of what will happen. Next, test this hypothesis. If it is true then draw a conclusion. If not, make a new hypothesis and test again. This is a very valuable way to learn. The students get to experience the whole situation and will in tern retain and understand this information better. Along with using empirical methods of learning, Locke insisted that all the senses be used when learning. It is not enough for a teacher to just stand in front of a classroom and lecture; students are only using one sense (hearing) to try to comprehend the material. Locke feels that you must hear, feel, see, smell, taste everything in order to get the full potential knowledge. This is very relative to today’s teachings because we, as teachers, need to appeal to all learning styles. Some students learn better visually, others orally and so on, so we have to hit all area in order to give all students an equal chance to learn. In closing, John Locke was a very significant figure on how we educate children today. He gave us the idea of starting students with a clean slate, the use of the scientific method, and the essential use of all the senses. All these ideas are important aspects of today†s classroom and will most assuredly be a continued use in the future. How to cite Locke: Founder of British Empiricist, Papers

Asian American Market Essay Research Paper Part free essay sample

Asiatic American Market Essay, Research Paper Part I # 8220 ; Everything you know about the Littleton violent deaths is incorrect. But the truth may be scarier than the myths # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 1 ) . This is the rubric of an article that claims that # 8220 ; what was reported last spring about the motivations and methods of slayers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold was untrue # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 1 ) . The inquiry that arises from this claim, is how can that be so? How can the # 8220 ; most ill-famed events from the hiting fling # 8211 ; reported over and over in intelligence studies, on Television confab shows and now in a bestselling book # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 1 ) be false and in fact, to merely hold neer occurred? Using critical logical thinking rules from English philosopher, Anthony Flew, one may get down to understand why everything we learnt through the media about the Littleton violent deaths may good be wrong. This paper will concentrate on one # 8220 ; myth # 8221 ; # 8211 ; the slayers were portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. It will utilize two critical concluding rules from Flew ; viz. Denying the Consequent/Affirming the Antecedent, and Confirming the Conseqent/Denying the Antecedent, to understand # 8220 ; the truth # 8221 ; behind # 8220 ; the myth # 8221 ; . The two male childs responsible for the violent deaths were said to be portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. Apparently, 18 pupils from Chatfield High School associated with the group, were identified as familiarities of Harris and Klebold. # 8220 ; They were sort of friends of periphery members # 8221 ; said one research worker ( Cullen 1999, p. 3 ) . Klebold was known to have on a trench coat on occasion. However, territory spokesman Rick Kaufman stated, that # 8220 ; no pupils can remember of all time seeing Eric wear a trench coat, other than one time, this past autumn [ 1998 ] , other than the twenty-four hours of the shot # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 4 ) . In add-on, the decision made by research workers was that the slayers were non seeking to arouse some reverberation of the Trench Coat Mafia by have oning their hallmark coat on the twenty-four hours of the shot. Alternatively, the research workers believe that # 8220 ; the ground they wore coats was for logistical, practical grounds # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 4 ) . Despite of this slightly sensible decision, administrations such as Sears and CNN, continuously associate the Littleton slayers to the Trench Coat and its # 8217 ; Mafia. For case, CNN Headline News was late mentioning to # 8220 ; the two Trench Coat Mafia teens who were responsible for the Columbine High School slaughter last April # 8221 ; ( Cullen 1999, p. 3 ) . English philosopher, Anthony Flew states that # 8220 ; for if from any hypothesis # 8230 ; you can validly infer some effect # 8230 ; and if the effect therefore validly deduced is false, so it follows needfully that the hypothesis itself must be false, excessively. One must make up ones mind whether merely to abandon the hypothesis or whether alternatively to re-explain it so that it does non imply the sort of effect which one had thought to be validly deduced therefrom # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 33 ) . Associating this to the association of the slayers to the Trench Coat Mafia, so one will reason: Since the slayers were # 8220 ; sort of friends of periphery members # 8221 ; and Klebold was known to have on a coat on occasion, and since they wore coats on the twenty-four hours of the violent deaths, so it follows needfully that the slayers were portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. One must accept this statement as valid. But the research workers have denied the truth of the conditi onal propositions, which map as the premises of that statement. # 8220 ; The signifier of the statement, and it is a valid signifier, is: If This is so, so That is so ; but That is non so ; hence, This is non so either # 8230 ; Putting # 8230 ; symbolism to work # 8230 ; we can show the present valid signifier of statement as follows: If Ps so q, but -q, hence -p # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 34 ) . However, there are two other signifiers that must be distinguished from this valid signifier. The first of the two invalid signifiers is if one lets the conditional propositions be granted, so # 8220 ; the premises so far provided do non prevent the possibility of some alternate account # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 35 ) . The 2nd invalid signifier is # 8220 ; that such conditionals say nil about the state of affairs on the alternate premise that their ancestors are non true # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 35 ) . Flew proposes four possible moves to do with such conditional propositions: two valid and two invalid. First, the valid move of If p so Q, but -q, hence -p. In other words, # 8220 ; Denying the Consequent # 8221 ; ( Fle tungsten 1998, p. 35 ) . If the slayers were â€Å"kind of friends of periphery members† , and Klebold was known to have on a coat on occasion, and they wore coats on the twenty-four hours of the violent deaths, so the slayers were portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. However, the slayers were neer portion of the Trench Coat Mafia as concluded by the research workers. The research workers are â€Å"denying the consequent ( the â€Å"then† spot ) of the conditional to confute the ancestor ( the â€Å"if† spot ) : hence, Denying the Consequent† ( Flew 1998, p. 35 ) . Second, the invalid move of â€Å"Affirming the Consequent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . The slayers were portion of the Trench Coat Mafia because they were â€Å"kind of friends of periphery members† , Klebold was known to have on a coat on occasion, and they wore coats on the twenty-four hours of the violent deaths. If p so Q, but q, hence p. This invalid move affirms â€Å"the consequen t in the groundless hope of thereby turn outing the ancestor: hence, Confirming the Consequent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . Third, the valid move of â€Å"Affirming the Antecedent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . The slayers were â€Å"kind of friends of periphery members† , and Klebold was known to have on a coat on occasion, and they wore coats on the twenty-four hours of the violent deaths, so the slayers were portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. If p so Q, and P, hence Q. This valid move involves confirming â€Å"the ancestor in order to turn out the consequent: hence†¦Affirming the Antecedent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . Fourthly and eventually, the invalid move of â€Å"Denying the Antecedent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . If p so Q, but -p, hence -q. If the slayers were â€Å"kind of friends of periphery members† , and Klebold was known to have on a coat on occasion, and they wore coats on the twenty-four hours of the violent deaths, so the slayers were porti on of the Trench Coat Mafia. However, research workers have concluded that they were more â€Å"outcasts† of the group than â€Å"friends of periphery members† and â€Å"the ground they wore coats was for logistical, practical reasons† . Therefore, the slayers were neer portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. The research workers are denying â€Å"the ancestor in the groundless hope of thereby confuting the consequent: hence†¦Denying the Antecedent† ( Flew 1998, p. 36 ) . Were Harris and Klebold of all time portion of the Trench Coat Mafia? # 8220 ; If such and such a proposition is true when it follows that, and we may validly infer that, some other proposition is besides true # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 138 ) . The investigtors are believing the # 8220 ; other proposition # 8221 ; , whereas administrations such as Sears and CNN are disregarding it. The research workers, whom are bring forthing an official study about the slaughter, say that Harris and Klebold were neer portion of the Trench Coat Mafia. # 8220 ; Whereas the truth of such a validly drawn tax write-off does non vouch the truth of the premiss from which it is therefore validly deduced, its falseness does resolutely show the falseness of that premiss # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 138 ) . Klebold and Harris did non wear coats to arouse some reverberation of the Trench Coat Mafia. They wore coats for logistical and practical grounds ; in fact to cover the # 8220 ; dashing armory of arms # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; military web gear # 8221 ; they harnessed. ( Cullen 1999, p. 3 ) . The research workers reached the sensible decision that Klebold and Harris were neer closely involved with the Trench Coat Mafia. This decision disagrees with # 8220 ; the myth # 8221 ; put frontward by most of the media covering the calamity. Neverthelesss, one must convey to mind T.H. Huxley # 8217 ; s observation that # 8220 ; The great calamity of scientific discipline # 8212 ; the murder of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 37 ) . In other words, no unfastened proposition can of all time be confirmed with # 8220 ; matching decisive conclusiveness # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 37 ) , without echt counterexamples projecting uncertainty. A point of view about scientific discipline by Sir Karl Popper is some solace. He is quoted as authorship that scientific discipline is # 8220 ; a affair of eternal nisus and of eternal enquiry # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 37 ) to make the point at which # 8220 ; even Homer sometimes nods # 8221 ; ( Flew 1998, p. 38 ) . Cullen, Dave. Everything you know about the Littleton violent deaths is incorrect. But the truth may be scarier than the myths. Salon.com: Sept. 23, 1999. Flew, Anthony. How to believe heterosexual: An debut to critical logical thinking. New York: Prometheus, 1998. Macke, Frank. Reading images. Macon, GA: Mercer University, 1999. Toulmin, Stephen. The utilizations of statement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958.